Four sisters and their little brother, Livadia, The Crimea, 1914

 

Young cousins in the snow - photographs from the albums of Herbert Stewart, Tsarskoe Selo, circa 1915

Those "tagged" are: Rostislav, Vasili, Miss Coster*, Nikita, Dmitri, Alexei (Tsarevich), Doctor Derevenko**, and Alexei's "sailor nanny" Andrei Derevenko***.

These images are from the annotated photo albums created between 1908 and 1918 by Herbert Galloway Stewart (1866-1960), an English tutor who had been invited by the Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and his wife, the last Tsar's elder sister, the Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna, to teach their sons. Stewart spent a decade in Russia until the cataclysmic events of 1917 and 1918.

Vasili, Alexei, Dmitri, Nikita, Rostislav.

Herbert Stewart was born in 1866, the son of a Yorkshire minister and the brother of Major Percy Marlborough Stewart, the owner of Burnby Hall at Pocklington. A gifted academic, he became a tutor. At the time it was fashionable for the highest-ranking Russian families to employ English nannies and tutors; the Tsar himself employed the Yorkshireman Sidney Gibbes. The Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich had met Stewart in Biarritz a number of years earlier and had taken a liking to him. He told him that when he had sons he would invite Stewart to become their tutor. He entered the employ of the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess in July of 1908.

Captain Sablin****, the Tsar, Tatiana, Olga, Vasili, Rostislav, Maria, Nikita, Anastasia, Dmitri, Alexei, Miss Coster.

The Imperial couple had seven children, the first a daughter, Irina, followed by six boys. In 1908 the boys - Andrei, Feodor, Nikita, Dmitri, Rostislav, and Vasili - ranged from eleven years old to one. Living as part of the household in St. Petersburg, and on the family estate at Ai-Todor in the Crimea, Stewart was in a unique position; his intimate family portraits record picnics, horseback riding, fishing, swimming, winter sledging, and visits with relatives and friends. His albums also include informal shots of Tsar Nicholas II and his children, with whom the family had regular contact.

The Tsar, Alexei, Tatiana, Nikita.

The boys appear to have been very fond of Stewart, who seems to have been rather eccentric. Among other things, he's said to have been in the habit of sleeping with the windows wide open but with an electric blanket, a very new invention. He considered presenting one of these to the Tsarina, but after his own caught fire, he decided against it.

Rostislav, Alexei, Pierre Gilliard*****.

In the autumn of 1916, Stewart’s photographic record ends, and there is a gap until Thursday, the eighth of March 1917, when he began writing a brief series of diary entries that provide an eye-witness account of the early days of the Russian Revolution in St. Petersburg, known as Petrograd at the time. First-hand, he watched the break down of order and the ultimate fall of the Romanov dynasty which had ruled the country for more than three-hundred years.

Pierre Gilliard, Alexei, Rostislav, Miss Coster (in the carriage).

Monday March 12th - “Much shooting and many disturbances in the streets. Some regiments joined the revolutionaries. Officers walking were disarmed. Prison opened. Police stations attacked. Prison close to the Palace attacked by large crowds – much shooting all round. Palace guarded till evening when guard removed… Much uncertainty about everything…"

Thursday March 15th - “Streets more or less quiet – constantly patrolled by motors... Soldiers took all guns and ammunition from the palace including sporting weapons. Not altogether unlikely that they were simple thieves as they stole boots and other things as well…”

Sunday March 18th – “… Many people in streets and processions headed by red flags going to Duma with various demands. One asking for division of crown lands. Saw no disturbances. More istvostchiks [drivers] and sleighs about today. Prayer in church for governing powers of Russia. Heard that the Empress Maria had gone to her son. Our palace is guarded by sailors now, night and day.”

Standing, left to right, are the two eldest brothers, Feodor and Andrei and, below, Rostislav and Dmitri.

He recorded in his diary on March 16, 1917, that there was “heavy depression” at 106, Moika, the family’s palace in Petrograd. The family left for the Crimea the following month and Stewart left Russia at the end of the year. He wrote in a letter to one of the boys, Dmitri, that he hoped there would be no more “unpleasantness” and that the Allies would “go into Russia, quell the Bolsheviks and help the Russians form a stable Government”.

Nikita, Feodor, Dmitri, Andrei.

The Grand Duchess Xenia, her husband, and their children, all avoided the awful fate that befell her brother and his family; they left Russia on the British battleship HMS Marlborough in April of 1919. They lived the rest of their lives as exiles in England, France, and the United States. Stewart largely lived abroad for the remainder of his life, residing in Navareux in the Basse-Pyrenees. His niece recalled last seeing him on a visit to England in 1957, although by that time he was unwell. He died in 1960, the same year as Grand Duchess Xenia.

*

Just three years ago twenty-two albums of Stewart's photographs were discovered still packed inside a champagne crate from Harrods, languishing in the archives of the Science and Media Museum in Bradford, England. And the collection of Burnby Hall includes a wallet containing Russian rubles, the diary written during the first days of the Russian Revolution, and a calling card announcing “Herbert Stewart, English Tutor to His Imperial Highness, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich”.

Stewart's diary.

* Elizabeth Jane Coster (1856-1943), nurse (more like what we'd call a governess) to the children of the grand ducal couple, she remained with the family through the beginning of the Revolution and their subsequent stay in the Crimea, and fled Russia with them aboard the H.M.S. Marlborough in 1919.

** Vladimir Nikolaevich Derevenko (1879–1936), Russian physician and surgeon who served at the court of Nicholas II. From 1912 he was the specialist assigned to attend the hemophiliac tsarevich. During the Revolution, he followed the Imperial family into exile in Tobolsk and then Ekaterinburg. He survived but was later later executed during the Great Purge of 1936.

*** Andrei Eremeyevich Derevenko (no relation to the above; ?-1921), sailor in the Russian Imperial Navy and one of two "sailor nannies" assigned to watch for the welfare of the hemophiliac Tsarevich. He left the service of the family at the beginning of the Revolution; there are conflicting stories as to his motivation for doing so. It is reported that he was later killed while fighting for the White Army during the Russian Civil War.

**** Nikolai Pavlovich Sablin (1880-1937), Russian naval officer, from 1906 serving on the Imperial Yacht Standart, eventually becoming her commander. In 1914, he became the naval aide-de-camp to the Tsar. During the Civil War he fought with the White Russian forces in the south. He left Russia in 1920 and died in Paris.

***** Pierre Gilliard (1879-1962), Swiss-born French tutor to the children of the Tsar, he too followed the family into exile in Tobolsk and Ekaterinburg. He later wrote Thirteen Years at the Russian Court, one of the best-known first-hand accounts of the Imperial family and the beginning of the Russian Revolution.

From my collection - Imperial/royal cousins, imperial/royal sailor suits

The iconic sailor suit was the uniform - both casual and dress - for little boys beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century and continuing well into the twentieth. (Girls often wore a version as well, but usually only for day wear.) From my own collection of antique postcards, this is a selection that demonstrates that even young princes were far from being exempt from the prevailing trend. Furthermore, all these little boys were cousins or otherwise related by way of the tangling dynastic threads of European royalty, mostly the imperial or royal families of Russia, Denmark, and Great Britain.

(The vertically oriented images are obviously reproduced much larger than in the original postcards, the two horizontally oriented images are only slightly larger than original.)

The image above and the two below are, of course, of Alexei Nikolaevich (1904-1918), the ill-fated last Tsarevich of Russia, son of Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra.

Three of Alexei's paternal first cousins - Princes Feodor (1898-1968), Nikita (1900-1974), and Dmitri Alexandrovich (1901-1980) - three of the six sons of Nicholas II's sister, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna. They were also related, though less closely, through the three brothers' father, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich; all of the above were descendants of Tsar Nicholas I.

Prince George of Greece (1890-1947) - later George II, King of the Hellenes - was a second cousin, through his father and paternal grandfather, of the four boys pictured above; their shared great-grandfather was King Christian IX of Denmark. He was also less closely related to them through his paternal grandmother, Olga, Queen of the Hellenes, born a grand duchess of Russia, so he was likewise a descendant of Tsar Nicholas I.

Prince Lennart of Sweden (1909-2004), only child of Prince Wilhelm and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, was a first cousin once removed of Prince George of Greece, through his maternal grandmother, the aforementioned Queen Olga. Also, he was a second cousin to Alexei, Feodor, Nikita, and Dmitri through his maternal grandfather; their shared great-grandfather was Tsar Alexander II.

Prince Lennart with his father, Prince Wilhelm... and a lion cub? Tiger cub?

Prince Lennart with his father's mother, Queen Victoria of Sweden, and her mother, Grand Duchess Luise of Baden.

Interestingly, these postcards were not only printed and sold in the subject's own country; this example is from Germany rather than Sweden.

Princes Gustaf Adolf (1906-1947) and Sigvard (1907-2002) of Sweden, sons of the future King Gustaf VI Adolf, were paternal first cousins of Prince Lennart. Also second cousins to Tsarevich Alexei through their mothers, both of whom were granddaughters of Queen Victoria.

Crown Prince Olav of Norway (1903-1991), son of King Haakon VII, was a maternal second cousin to Gustaf Adolf, Sigvard, and Alexei; his mother, Queen Maud of Norway, was also a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He was also related to Princes George (second cousin) and Lennart (second cousin once removed) through both of his parents. (Who were, incidentally, first cousins themselves.)

The short-lived Prince John (1905-1919), youngest child of Great Britain's George V and Queen Mary, was a first cousin of Crown Prince Olav. He was a second cousin to Alexei, Gustaf Adolf, and Sigvard, again thanks to their shared great-grandmother Queen Victoria. He was also a second cousin to George of Greece and to the Russian Princes Feodor, Nikita, and Dmitri - and a second cousin, again, to Alexei - due to their shared great-grandfather, King Christian IX of Denmark. Finally, he was a second cousin once removed to Lennart because of their mutual descendance from King Christian.

Princes Georg Donatus (1906-1937) and Ludwig (1908-1968) of Hesse-Darmstadt - Don and Lu* - were second cousins with John, Olav, Gustav Adolf, and Sigvard, again all through their connection to their great-grandmother Queen Victoria. And they were first cousins with Tsarevich Alexei; indeed, this may have been one of the closest of the cousin connections as the Russian Empress and her brother, Grand Duke Ernst-Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt, were very close, and their families came to be as well.

***

* Don and Lucy - quite often shortened to Lu - just happen to be the names of my much-loved parents-in-law.