L a - b e a u t é - s a u v e r a - l e - m o n d e ~ D o s t o ï e v s k i

L a - b e a u t é - s a u v e r a - l e - m o n d e  ~  D o s t o ï e v s k i



Showing posts with label Compiègne. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Compiègne. Show all posts

Friday, July 1, 2016

Empire and Restoration court dress - "Costume Parisien", 1804-19


1804-5. France went by the French Republican Calendar from 1793 to 1805; these first plates are dated "year 13".

Napoléon proclaimed himself emperor in May of 1804, and for the first time in fifteen years, since the commencement of the French Revolution, France had a royal - or, rather, imperial - court. The luxury demanded by and lavishly displayed at the Tuileries, Fontainebleau, Compiègne, St. Cloud exceeded even that of the greatest days of the ancien régime, and Paris was once again fully the cynosure of the fashionable world; in form and embellishment the court dress of the other European kingdoms slavishly followed the French lead. Ten years later, after the fall of Napoléon and the return of the Bourbons - in the prodigious shape of Louis XVIII - the silhouette of regulation dress at the once again merely royal court differed little. But in general, the trimmings became heavier and less graceful, there was something of a nostalgic and often awkward layering on of pre-Revolution excess, and much of the refinement and elegance of the glamorous Empire was lost.

1804-5.
1804-5.
1804-5.
1804-5. Men's court dress differed very little from that of the last days of the ancien régime.
1808.
1809.
1809.
1809.
1809.
1809.
1809.
1810.
1811.
1812.
1812.
1812.
1813.
1814. The white lilies in the coiffure are a clear indication that the Bourbons have returned to power.
1814.
1815.
1816.
1816.
1817.
1817.
1819.



Sunday, November 9, 2014

Emperor Napoleon III, by Alexandre Cabanel, 1865



The Emperor is seen, unusually, in evening dress rather than uniform; in every other way - the crown and sceptre; the sash and star of the Légion d'honneur; the ermine-trimmed mantle; the throne - this is a state portrait. The setting is the Salon Louis XIV of the Tuileries palace. At the time of its completion, the portrait was criticized as being unflattering, for not sufficiently camouflaging the Emperor's lack of stature and his thickening waistline; critics of both the painting and its subject said it resembled nothing more than a "portrait d'un maître d'hôtel". But it was apparently well received within the Imperial family. And his wife, the Empress Eugénie, thought it very like, capturing her husband perfectly; she had the painting hung in her private apartments at the Tuileries, and it was one of the paintings she requested be returned to her in her exile in England. The portrait was long thought lost, but has been found and restored and is now at Compiègne.

A wonderfully precise yet poetic passage.

***

Alexandre Cabanel (28 September 1823, Montpellier – 23 January 1889, Paris), French academic painter of historical, classical, and religious subjects, he was also well known as a portrait painter. At seventeen he entered the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where he studied with François-Édouard Picot. He first exhibited at the Paris Salon in 1844, and the next year won the Prix de Rome. Cabanel was elected a member of the Institute in 1863, and was appointed professor at the École des Beaux-Arts in 1864, where he taught until his death. Cabanel was closely connected to the Paris Salon, winning the grande médaille d'honneur at the Salons of 1865, 1867, and 1878. He was a regular member of the Salon jury and, perhaps not surprisingly, his legions of pupils were constant exhibitors. Through those students, Cabanel had perhaps more influence than any other artist of his day in shaping the sensibilities of Belle Époque French painting. He died in Paris at the age of sixty-five.

A study for the Emperor's portrait.

He is best remembered today as one of the leading members of the Salon jury of 1863 which refused two-thirds of the work submitted for exhibition, including that of Courbet and, most famously, Manet and others who would soon come to be known as Impressionists. The resulting scandal was such that, in a conciliatory gesture, the Emperor arranged for the refused artists to have their own exhibition; the resulting Salon des Refusés is seen by many as marking the birth of the Impressionist movement.


The same year, 1863, is also the date of the only one of Cabanel's paintings that is still well known.  His almost ridiculously erotic La Naissance de Vénus - the birth of Venus - was a great success at the Salon that year and was immediately snapped up by the Emperor for his private collection.








Tuesday, June 4, 2013

A gray day in the north of France

I haven't blogged in a very long time.  The delay was made even longer as, on the last day of April, I fell while out walking.  The various, though still relatively minor, injuries I sustained made it impossible to do much of anything for the entirety of May; no going to work and no painting, much less writing blog posts.  Only two days ago was I able to sit down and begin to paint again.

This is a post I began more than a year ago.  I don't know why I never finished it.  I really shouldn't be posting it today, on this lovely early summer day; it best belongs to a dark and wet autumn afternoon.  But I wanted to put something out, today, to get things started again.  And here I am.

***


On a rainy, blustery, dark gray day in November of 1994, I took the train north from Paris to Compiègne. On arrival, and without any further study of my map, I found my way through the wet streets and quite directly to the chateau, the wind knocking me this way and that and blowing out my umbrella.

I had come mainly to see the Musée du Second Empire. The chateau has several different museums allotted to its immense expanse, and is probably best known for a few elegant rooms designed and decorated for Marie Antoinette and for the rich and beautifully preserved décor installed by Napoléon I. But I most wanted to see the large collection of memorabilia from the reign of his nephew, the Emperor Napoléon III. Of particular interest were all things relating to my childhood idol, his wife, the Empress Eugénie. Especially, the famous Winterhalter group portrait of 1855: l'Impératrice Eugénie entourée de ses dames d'honneur.

The small and rather dingy ticket office was dark and almost empty of visitors. Even the few palace employees stood about, looking like they were waiting for something to happen. My French was non-existent at the time and, unexpectedly for such a large, important museum, no one spoke English. Too far from Paris and foreign tourists, I expect. Eventually I was made to understand that the guide would do only one tour, and we - the small group of visitors - had to vote which part of the huge building we would see. The vote went for the Grands Appartements. I was very disappointed, of course, but tagged along with the group, peering at all the vast, beautiful rooms, the gray autumn light dulling more than a little of their glamour. It didn't matter to me that the tour was all narrated in French - I knew most of what I saw, having seen it all in books - but the tour guide kept looking over at me. She seemed to be disconcerted, somehow, that I was there, thinking I didn't know what it was that I was seeing.  Perhaps she felt sorry for me or maybe I just made her nervous.

After we wound our way back to the starting point, the few other visitors quickly dispersed.  Not knowing what to do, stubborn in my desire to see what I'd come all that way to see, I just stood there, waiting.  I can't recall how it came about but, somehow - maybe they thought there was no other way to get rid of me - a good-looking, middle-aged woman appeared and, a little grudgingly, made me to understand that she'd show me what I'd come for.  It appeared she spoke little or no English.

She was the perfect example of the well-off Frenchwoman of a certain age:  trim, perfectly fitting dark shoes and slacks; pastel twin set; a patterned silk scarf artfully arranged about her shoulders and held by a simple gold brooch; discrete pearl earrings.  She had a petite, well-proportioned figure and ash-blond hair, simply but flawlessly arranged.  She was perhaps fifty.

As we made our way to the other side of the chateau, we were at first accompanied by a guard but, soon enough, it was just the two of us walking through a long string of rooms. This part of the palace appears to be much refurbished now, colorful and well-arranged.  But at that time, almost twenty years ago, the aspect of those rooms was that of something carefully preserved but abandoned.  One wondered if, even in the tourist-y summer, these rooms were much visited.  Many if not most of the high, paneled walls were painted the infamous gris Trianon - the misnamed "Trianon gray" that one used to see in so many unrestored palace rooms - and made all the more austere by the cold November light coming in through the tall windows. 

All the doors were locked, and my guide held a large ring heavy with old keys, long and attenuated.  At each set of gray-painted, immensely tall (perhaps fifteen feet?) paired doors, we'd pause while she searched for the right key.  Eventually the correct key would turn narrowly in the old lock and she would let us through into the next room, before leaving which, the doors would be locked behind us.

At each new room, she would begin - in French - to give a vague overview of the objects before us.  And I would smile and continue her descriptions - in English - because I knew exactly what I was seeing.  We continued this fragmentary shared monologue as we passed from room to room, pausing before paintings and display cases, locking and unlocking those great, tall pairs of doors.  And she seemed less and less annoyed to be leading a silly hulk of an American through this still, forgotten pool of French history.  And she really looked at me now, and something warmed and softened in her eyes as she realized how much I knew, and how precious it all was to me.  How I honored it all.

Truthfully, in most of the rooms the displays were not terribly impressive.  The expected rather vulgar Second Empire furniture, dull paintings and drily academic sculpture.  And then, in smaller rooms, large and tall glass cases full of heaped arrangements of books and bits of lace, tinted lithographs and desk ornaments, baby shoes and green silk parasols.  All together, it had about it a feeling very like an old arrangement of dried and faded flowers.

It wasn't until we arrived at the last few rooms that I saw the Winterhalter portraits that had most drawn me to the place.  They have several more in the collection now, but at that time, I believe they only had four, perhaps five.  I recall the wonderfully backlit oval portrait of the comtesse de Morny, née Princess Trubetskaya, wife of the emperor's illegitimate half-brother; the small, rather wooden portrait of the Empress Eugénie that was apparently done for her son, the Prince Imperial; an oval portrait of the ringletted marquise de las Marismas, dame du palais to the empress, that I'd never seen reproduced before; the oval portrait of the emperor that is a pendant to the famous chapeau de paille portrait of his wife (this unsigned painting was formerly - perversely - attributed to Winterhalter but, thankfully, that is no longer considered valid); and finally, of course, the vast, leafy painting of the empress with her ladies.  This last work, in its grand frame, took the space of a whole wall to hang, and the paint looked as bright and fresh as if it had just been finished.  I'd dreamed about this painting since my childhood, and it was thrilling to see it.


When we'd finished, she did me the courtesy of walking me outside, and we stood under the colonnade that forms a screen between the two projecting wings at the front of the chateau.  With limited shared language we said our thank yous and goodbyes.  It was all very sweet until I made the extremely gauche gesture of trying to tip her; I really thought I was supposed to.  She looked offended and we ended our meeting on that awkward note.

But in remembering that day, I don't dwell on that embarrassing moment.  And I don't think very much about the poor, mummified remains of the everyday life of an idolized empress.  I honestly don't even linger long over those gorgeous paintings I loved, and still love, so much.  When I think of that cold, rainy day spent in a palace in the north of France, I think about a long, thin key tuning in an old lock, and my eyes scanning up and up to the top edge of a tall gray-painted door as it gently opens from its frame.  And I think about the warm and knowing look in the eyes of a proper Frenchwoman - a total stranger - who, more than anyone in the world, right at that moment, comprehends who I am.

Le Palais impérial de Compiègne, by Simeon Fort, 1843.