From my collection - Imperial/royal cousins, imperial/royal sailor suits

The iconic sailor suit was the uniform - both casual and dress - for little boys beginning in the middle of the nineteenth century and continuing well into the twentieth. (Girls often wore a version as well, but usually only for day wear.) From my own collection of antique postcards, this is a selection that demonstrates that even young princes were far from being exempt from the prevailing trend. Furthermore, all these little boys were cousins or otherwise related by way of the tangling dynastic threads of European royalty, mostly the imperial or royal families of Russia, Denmark, and Great Britain.

(The vertically oriented images are obviously reproduced much larger than in the original postcards, the two horizontally oriented images are only slightly larger than original.)

The image above and the two below are, of course, of Alexei Nikolaevich (1904-1918), the ill-fated last Tsarevich of Russia, son of Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra.

Three of Alexei's paternal first cousins - Princes Feodor (1898-1968), Nikita (1900-1974), and Dmitri Alexandrovich (1901-1980) - three of the six sons of Nicholas II's sister, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna. They were also related, though less closely, through the three brothers' father, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich; all of the above were descendants of Tsar Nicholas I.

Prince George of Greece (1890-1947) - later George II, King of the Hellenes - was a second cousin, through his father and paternal grandfather, of the four boys pictured above; their shared great-grandfather was King Christian IX of Denmark. He was also less closely related to them through his paternal grandmother, Olga, Queen of the Hellenes, born a grand duchess of Russia, so he was likewise a descendant of Tsar Nicholas I.

Prince Lennart of Sweden (1909-2004), only child of Prince Wilhelm and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia, was a first cousin once removed of Prince George of Greece, through his maternal grandmother, the aforementioned Queen Olga. Also, he was a second cousin to Alexei, Feodor, Nikita, and Dmitri through his maternal grandfather; their shared great-grandfather was Tsar Alexander II.

Prince Lennart with his father, Prince Wilhelm... and a lion cub? Tiger cub?

Prince Lennart with his father's mother, Queen Victoria of Sweden, and her mother, Grand Duchess Luise of Baden.

Interestingly, these postcards were not only printed and sold in the subject's own country; this example is from Germany rather than Sweden.

Princes Gustaf Adolf (1906-1947) and Sigvard (1907-2002) of Sweden, sons of the future King Gustaf VI Adolf, were paternal first cousins of Prince Lennart. Also second cousins to Tsarevich Alexei through their mothers, both of whom were granddaughters of Queen Victoria.

Crown Prince Olav of Norway (1903-1991), son of King Haakon VII, was a maternal second cousin to Gustaf Adolf, Sigvard, and Alexei; his mother, Queen Maud of Norway, was also a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. He was also related to Princes George (second cousin) and Lennart (second cousin once removed) through both of his parents. (Who were, incidentally, first cousins themselves.)

The short-lived Prince John (1905-1919), youngest child of Great Britain's George V and Queen Mary, was a first cousin of Crown Prince Olav. He was a second cousin to Alexei, Gustaf Adolf, and Sigvard, again thanks to their shared great-grandmother Queen Victoria. He was also a second cousin to George of Greece and to the Russian Princes Feodor, Nikita, and Dmitri - and a second cousin, again, to Alexei - due to their shared great-grandfather, King Christian IX of Denmark. Finally, he was a second cousin once removed to Lennart because of their mutual descendance from King Christian.

Princes Georg Donatus (1906-1937) and Ludwig (1908-1968) of Hesse-Darmstadt - Don and Lu* - were second cousins with John, Olav, Gustav Adolf, and Sigvard, again all through their connection to their great-grandmother Queen Victoria. And they were first cousins with Tsarevich Alexei; indeed, this may have been one of the closest of the cousin connections as the Russian Empress and her brother, Grand Duke Ernst-Ludwig of Hesse-Darmstadt, were very close, and their families came to be as well.

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* Don and Lucy - quite often shortened to Lu - just happen to be the names of my much-loved parents-in-law.

Hijinks in Darmstadt - Wolfsgarten, Fall 1899

Left to right: Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, Tsar Nicholas II (Nicky), Empress Alexandra Feodorovna
(Alix), Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse (Ernie), Prince Nicholas of Greece (Greek Nicky), Grand
Duchess Victoria Melita of Hesse (Ducky), Grand Dukes Andrei and Boris Vladimirovich.

As I mentioned in a previous post, there was little love lost between the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia and her first cousin* and soon-to-be-former sister-in-law, Grand Duchess Victoria Melita of Hesse. But in the early days of their respective marriages, before the ill-considered union of "Ducky" and the Empress' beloved brother Ernie ended in all-but-inevitable divorce, the Russian couple and Hessian couple spent some happy days together in the Empress' "old home", Darmstadt, together with their children and other members of the extended family.

Wolfsgarten.

They were all young adults in October and November of 1899 - Andrei was just 20, Boris 21, Ducky and Kirill 23, Alix and Greek Nicky were 27, Ernie 30, with Nicky the oldest at 31 - and most were living lives that were heavy with responsibility and rigid protocol. But staying at Schloss Wolfsgarten, the Grand Ducal country estate north of Darmstadt, the differences between the two young women which would soon harden into enmity, and the pressures of public life that the group often struggled with, were forgotten in unseasonably sunny and warm, lighthearted days spent with their children and surrounded by family.

There are photographs propped up in front of Nicky; I'd love to know of whom they are.

Kirill, Nicky, Greek Nicky.

Ernie and Nicky. (That's probably Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna, the Tsar's second daughter, in the foreground.)

Ernie and Greek Nicky.

Same as above.

Nicky and Greek Nicky.

Nicky, Greek Nicky, Boris.

Ducky.

Alix. (Quite a different - rather appalling, actually - image of the famously stiff and unsmiling Empress Alexandra.)

Boris.

Boris, Ernie, Andrei, on top Greek Nicky and Kirill.

Alix taking a photograph of Nicky, Ernie, and Greek Nicky. (The man in the middle of the image is unknown.)

Greek Nicky with Tatiana.

Ernie with Tatiana.

Nicky and Alix's two eldest daughters, Grand Duchesses Tatiana and Olga.

Tatiana and Greek Nicky.

Ernie and Nicky with their daughters, Princess Elisabeth - who would die at the age of eight - and Grand Duchess Olga.

Boris. At left, Nicky and Greek Nicky.

Ducky and Kirill. (Her future second husband.) This decorative - dry - well seemed to inspire a lot of silliness.

Greek Nicky, Boris, Kirill. Princess Elisabeth is in the background.

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* Alexandra and Ernst Ludwig (by their mother) and Victoria Melita (by her father) were first cousins. (And grandchildren of Queen Victoria.) Victoria Melita (by her mother), Nicholas II (by his father), and the three Vladimir bothers (by their father), were all first cousins. Nicholas II (by his mother) and Nicholas of Greece (by his father) were first cousins; they were also second cousins via the former's father and the latter's mother, born a Russian Grand Duchess. Nicholas of Greece (by his mother) was second cousins with the Vladimir brothers (by their father). Got all that?

Of course, famously, Victoria Melita divorced one first cousin, Ernst Ludwig, and married another, Kirill. Though unions between first cousins weren't always so frowned upon at the time - as they certainly are today - the Orthodox church did not permit such marriages. This is one of many factors that have always troubled Russian monarchists in respect to the current pretender to the Imperial throne, the granddaughter of Kirill and Victoria Melita.

Alicky and Ducky, portraits for their grandmother, by von Angeli, 1896 and 1897

1897. Both of these portraits were painted for their mutual grandmother, Queen Victoria.

First cousins, four years apart. Both granddaughters of Queen Victoria with very close blood ties to the royal dynasties of Great Britain and Russia and Hesse, Greece and Prussia. Under dramatic circumstances, both came as brides into the Russian Imperial family. Both artistic. Both stubborn and over-inclined to harbor lingering resentments, unforgiving. Both of them passionate, devoted spouses and loving parents. Also, they both quite disliked and disapproved of each other.

1896.

Confident and socially adept, Princess Victoria Melita** - known in the family as "Ducky" - was railroaded into her first marriage with another first cousin, Alexandra's brother Ernst Ludwig of Hesse, by their mutual grandmother Queen Victoria. Introverted and socially awkward, Princess Alix - known by many in the family as "Alicky" - stood firm against everyone - including her beloved future husband - who was for or against the idea of her prospective marriage until she, in her own time, could decide if she would change her religion, something necessary if she were to wed the soon-to-be Tsar Nicholas II. She finally agreed to marry Nicky during the wedding festivities of Ducky and Ernie in Coburg in April 1894, her big decision effectively overshadowing the bridal couple.

Postcard commemorating a visit to Darmstadt (Hesse) of Russia's Imperial couple.

Family jollity at Darmstadt, circa 1899. Left to right: Grand Duke Kirill (Ducky's second husband); Nicky; Alix; Ernie; Prince
Nicholas of Greece, a cousin and future brother-in-law to Kirill; Ducky; and Kirill's brothers, Grand Dukes Andrei and Boris.

Married later that same year, Nicky and Alicky - now the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna - had one of history's most celebrated love-matches. Until the very bitter end. The Hessian marriage, by contrast, was doomed from the start. Though Ducky and Ernie had much in common, and soon had a much adored daughter, Ducky chafed at the responsibilities of her role as Grand Duchess of Hesse, often shirking her duties, often starting loud, sometimes violent rows with her husband. Most sided with the gentle Ernie - certainly his sister, the Empress Alexandra, did - and considered him the wounded party. But another factor in the deterioration of the marriage - unknown at the time and still uncorroborated - were Ernie's homosexual inclinations. And after Queen Victoria's death in 1901, the couple divorced, a very scandalous thing for the time and for their milieu. Ernie would remarry four years later, very happily.

A snapshot of Nicky and Alix in the first years of their marriage.

Ducky and Ernie early in their marriage.

That same year, Ducky wed yet another first cousin, her Uncle Vladimir's eldest son, the Grand Duke Kirill; apparently Ducky had been in love with Kirill well before her marriage to Ernie. There were many obstacles to this union: first cousins are not allowed to marry in the Orthodox church, Ducky was now a divorcée, and they had not been granted the necessary permission by the Tsar to marry. On hearing of the marriage, the Tsar - certainly encouraged by his wife, bitter over the former treatment of her brother - stripped Kirill of his titles and privileges, royal allowances, expelled him from the Russian navy, and banished him from Russia. The couple settled in France, living off funds from his father; their first two children, daughters, were born there. In 1910, after deaths in the Russian Imperial family had promoted Kirill to third in the line of succession to the Russian throne, the Tsar was compelled to reinstate him and allowed the family to return to Russia. Ducky was grudgingly allowed the title Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna. She was very much suited to her new role and fit in well with the Russian aristocracy and in the circle of her powerful mother-in-law, the Grand Duchess Vladimir - who, incidentally, loathed the young Empress. (The feeling was mutual.) Ducky, now styled the Grand Duchess Kirill, became very active in society - lavish dinner parties, balls, artistic events - but rarely crossed paths with her cousin the Empress, whose shyness and whose distrust and disapproval of St Petersburg society had almost entirely closed her off from those beyond her immediate family.

The Grand Duchess Kirill, 1913.

The Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, circa 1914.

Alix had come to Russia as "a bride at a funeral"; Nicky's father had died only days after her arrival. And later that same month, Alix and Nicky were married, and Alix was now the Empress of all the Russias, by temperament something she was entirely unsuited for. Extremely shy, the public responsibilities of an empress were a nightmare for her and, worse, her timidity often came off as cold reserve. She was constantly compared with her charming and beloved mother-in-law, the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna, and with the other gracious and formidable ladies of the court and society. Then, later, the tragedy of her son's health turned her ever more fervently to her adopted Orthodox faith, and her own real or imagined ill-health was another thing that kept her insulated from the outside world. But the self-imposed isolation of the Empress and her happy, very loving family caused dissatisfaction and dissent all around, as much in court circles as with the greater public, and set the stage for what would come.

A no doubt rather uncomfortable gathering of Nicholas and Alexandra's family with that of the Vladimir's. Left to right: Grand Duchess Tatiana
Nikolaevna; unkown - lady in waiting?; Ducky; Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna; Grand Duchess Vladimir; Alexandra; standing behind, Grand
Duke Kirill; Nicholas; Princess Nicholas of Greece (daughter of Grand Duchess Vladimir, sister of Kirill); the three hatless girls behind are
Princess Nicholas' daughters, Elizabeth, Olga, and Marina (the future Duchess of Kent); the other two girls are Grand Duchesses
Anastasia and Maria Nikolaevna; and Kirill's brothers, the Grand Dukes Boris and Andrei, circa 1913.

The war came first. And when, three years later, the Revolution broke out and the Tsar abdicated, Kirill led his naval unit to the Duma and swore his loyalty to the interim government. He later explained that he did so to restore order and preserve the monarchy, but there were many of the Romanovs who never forgave him for what they considered treason. With the Tsar and his family under arrest and the situation worsening, the Grand Duke and Duchess Kirill took their daughters and left for Finland in June of 1917. Two months later, Ducky gave birth to their only son. That same month the ex-Tsar and his family were sent away to captivity in the town of Tobolsk in the Urals. And then a July night in the summer of the next year saw the murders of Alix and Nicky, their five children, their doctor, and three servants in Ekaterinburg.

Nicholas and Alexandra in captivity at Tsarskoe Selo, not long before they were removed to Tobolsk, 1917.

A year later, in the autumn of 1919, with the war ended, Kirill, Ducky, and the children left Finland for Germany. Thereafter, they divided their time between Germany and France, before settling permanently on the Breton coast in 1926. Kirill had suffered a nervous breakdown in 1923, Ducky tending to him devotedly, and the next year had issued a manifesto, officially declaring himself the "Guardian of the Throne", in the hopes of a restoration of the monarchy in Russia. Only weeks later, he proclaimed himself "Emperor of all the Russians", also proclaiming his son heir to the throne, Grand Duke and Tsarevich. With the death of Nicholas II and the presumed death of his brother, Grand Duke Michael, Kirill was next in line to the - now defunct - throne. But considering the irregularities of his marriage and his arguably treasonous actions at the time of the Revolution, many monarchists considered his pretensions invalid, and the émigré community found itself very divided in its loyalties. Ducky totally supported her husband's ephemeral goals.

Kirill and Ducky, circa early 1930s.

Ducky died as the result of a stroke in 1936 at the age of fifty-nine. After the Soviet collapse, the remains of Kirill and his wife were transferred from Coburg to the Grand Ducal Mausoleum of the Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul in St. Petersburg in 1995. Alix had been murdered in 1918 at the age of  forty-six. The remains of Alix and Nicky and three of their children were discovered in the early 1990s, exhumed, and were later re-interred in the St. Catherine Chapel of the same St. Petersburg bastion in 1998, on the eightieth anniversary of their murder.

Kirill and his descendents persisted in their claim, and his granddaughter and her son are recognized by most as the pretenders to the Russian throne. A nonexistent throne, but the "Grand Duchess" Maria travels frequently to Russia and seems to be very popular there, so who knows; Russia is a very strange country....

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Heinrich Anton von Angeli (8 July 1840, Ödenburg - 21 October 1925, Vienna), Austrian history and portrait painter. Adept at depicting the particularities of military uniforms, furs and fabrics and jewelry, he found much success in society portraiture, and traveled frequently between the cultural centers of Berlin, London, and Vienna. His best know work was done for the extended family of Queen Victoria, both in Britain and at the court of Berlin.

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** I understand this multiple/changing name business is terribly confusing. Princess Victoria Melita, Ducky, Grand Duchess of Hesse, Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna, Grand Duchess Kirill? All the same person. At different times of her life and in different settings. Princess Alix, Alicky, Empress Alexandra Feodorovna? Also, just one person. Sorry....